The Chinese Rules of Go

From James Davies,

AI Agent for Chinese Chess Li Deng 2016 Autumn Stanford CS221 Abstract This project aims to implement an AI game engine for Chinese chess, which is a popular board game in China. Di erent from Chess, Chinese chess has more com-plex rules and larger branching factor, making it more challenging to simulate the. The Chinese Chess set includes a board and 32 pieces for two players. The board has ten. Basically the rules are similar to chess. Thesis, Department of Computing Science, University of Alberta, pdf Chun Ye, Tony Marsland (1992).

The Rules of Go, in The Go Player's Almanac,
ed. Richard Bozulich, Ishi Press (San Jose, 1992)
Extracted, adapted, and edited by Fred Hansen

Under the traditional Chinese rules, a player's scorewas the maximum number of stones he could in theory play on the board. Since every groups needs two liberties to live, this rule createda two-point group tax: the player with the more separate groups losttwo points for evey excess group. (In practice, one point per excessgroup was subtracted from the player's score and added to his opponent'sscore so that the total remained 361. {This does not compute; it couldconvert a clear winner into a loser. Only by adding two points pergroup could the total be made 361. --wjh}) Modern Chinese rules avoidthis by counting both stones and surrounded points.

The following is the 1988 version of the official rules of the ChineseWeiqi Association. The English translation published in 1989 by ShuRong Chess & Bridge Press (9 Qinglong-Xiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, China)has been edited here for clarity. The term `liberty' is used insteadof the Chinese `breath' and the term `ko' is used instead of the Chineseterms `jie' and `tiger's mouth.' Chapters 4 and 5 and an appendix,which deals with the organization of tournaments are omitted.
James Davies

Silicon wave bluetooth wireless adapter driver for mac. Welcome to the PC Matic Driver Library, the internet's most complete and comprehensive source for driver information. Drivers Library. To find the latest driver for your computer we recommend running our Free Driver Scan. Silicon Wave Bluetooth Wireless Adapter - Driver Download. Vendor:. Product: Silicon Wave Bluetooth Wireless Adapter. The Driver Update Tool – is a utility that contains more than 27 million official drivers for all hardware, including silicon wave bluetooth wireless adapter driver. Home » Silicon Wave Bluetooth Wireless Adapter Use the links on this page to download the latest version of Silicon Wave Bluetooth Wireless Adapter drivers.

Chapter 1
General Rules

Section 1. Weiqi Equipment

1. The board
The board is marked with 19 parallel vertical lines and 19 parallelhorizontal lines, mking 361 intersections (referred to below as `points'). Nine points on the board are dotted and called `star points'. The point in the center is also known as the `central star'. See Diagram 1.
Diagram 1.

2. The stones
Lens-shaped black and white stones are used. The number of stonesis preferrably 180 of each color.

Section 2. The Move

1. One of the players, called Black, takes the black stones, the otherplayer, called White, takes the white stones. Black makes the firstmove, then White, and so on in alternation until the end of the game. Only one stone can be played per move.
2. Stones are played on points on the board.
3. After a stone is played, it cannot be moved to any other point.
4. Playing alternately is the right of both players, but either playermay pass.

Section 3. Liberties

A stone on the board has two to four vertically and horizontally adjacentintersections. Those which are unoccupied are called liberties.
When a stone is placed vertically or horizontally adjacent to anotherstone of the same color, the stones are connected and form a singleunit, and their liberties are counted together.
When a stone is placed vertically or horizontally adjacent to anotherstone of the opposite color, it takes a liberty away from the otherstone. When all the liberties of a stone or group of stones have beentaken by the opposite side and no liberties are left, the stone(s)cannot remain on the board.

Section 4. Removal of stones

A stone or a group of stones without liberties is removed from theboard. There are two cases:

1. When a stone is played so as to take the last remaining libertyof an opposing stone or group of stones, the opposing stone(s) areimmediately removed.
2. When a stone is played so as to leave stones or groups of stonesof both sides with no liberties, the opponent's stone(s) are removed.

Section 5. Forbidden points

A forbidden point is a point on the board which, if occupied by a player'sstone, would leave that stone without liberties, while failing to removeany opposing stones. A player cannot play on a forbidden point. InDiagram 2, the points marked with triangles are all forbidden to playsby Black.

Diagram 2. Forbidden points

Section 6. Reappearance of the same board position

Reappearance of the same board position is forbidden throughout thegame.

Section 7. The end of the game

1. The game ends when both sides agree that there will be no more moves.
2. A player may also resign during the game, in which case the gamealso ends.

Section 8. Living and dead stones

At the end of the game, stones which both players agree could inevitablybe captured are dead. Stones that cannot be captured are alive.

Section 9. Determining the winner

At the end of the game, the winner is determined by counting stonesand points.
First all the dead stones of both sides are removed from the board. Then one side's living stones are counted, including the vacant pointsenclosed by those stones. Vacant points situated between both sides'living stones are shared equally. A vacant point counts as one stone.
The winner is determined by comparison with 180-1/2, which is halfthe number of points on the board. If the total of one side's livingstones and enclosed vacant points is larger than 180-1/2, then thatside is the winner. If the total is less than 180-1/2, then that sideloses. If the total is equal to 180-1/2, the game is a draw.
In games with compensation, the comparison is made with different numbers,according to separate rules.

Bits and Pieces of Other Sections

Chapter 2. Section 11. Compensation stones

In order to counteract Black' advantage of the first move, in nationalcompetition at present, 2-3/4 points are deducted from Black's scoreand added to White's in determining the result at the end of the game. {This is 5-1/2 points 'komi.' --wjh}

Chapter 3. Section 17. Placing of stones

2. If a player removes a stone which he has just placed on the boardand places it on another point, he must replace it on the first point. The player also receives a warning from the referee.
If a player accidentally drops the stone he was about to play, he maypick it up and place it on any point.

Chapter 3. Section 19. Forbidden points

If a stone is played on a forbidden point, the move is declared invalidand the player loses his turn.

Chapter 3. Section 20. Reappearance of the same board position

1. In a ko fight, if a player recaptures on the next move, the moveis declared invalid and the player loses his turn.
2. At the end of the game, in accordance with the principle which forbidsreappearance of the same board position, the `moonshine-life' positionis considered dead (e.g., the black stones in the lower left in Diagram3 are dead).
Diagram 3. Moonshine life

3. In rare situations such as triple ko, quadruple ko, eternal life,and round-robin ko, if neither side will yield, the referee may declarea draw or a replay. See Diagrams 4 to 7. {This is a clear conflictwith Section 6, forbidding the reappearance of the same board position.--wjh}
Diagram 4. Triple ko
Diagram 5. Four kos among three groups
Diagram 6. Eternal life
Diagram 7. Double-ko seki with double ko stones

4. According to the principle which forbids reappearance of the sameboard position, a player cannot refuse to end the game by reason ofthe position in Diagram 8 or any other similar positions.

Chapter 3. Section 21. The end of the game

1. The player whose turn it is to move may affirm {i.e., assert} theend of a game and pass. If the other player does not wish to end thegame, he may continue playing, in which case the player who passedautomatically regains the right to play. Play continues until bothsides agree that the game has ended.
2. After both sides have agreed to end the game, if any unsettledpositions remain on the board, both sides' stones in these positionsare treated as alive.
3. Life and death of stones should be confirmed by both sides. Anydisagreements must be settled by further actual play. {This appearsto contradict the previous sentence. -- wjh} Play this game

Statistics of won games
red	10154 (47.91 %)
black	10364 (48.90 %)
Draws	672 (3.17 %)

Chinese Chess (Xiangqi)

Xiangqi, or Chinese Chess, is a very popular game in Asian countries. It is believed that both Xiangqi and classic western Chess had been developed from the original Indian game of Chanturanga.
Start position and game object
Xiangqi is played on rectangular 9x10 board. Unlike at western Chess, the pieces are placed on line intersections, not squares. Each player starts the game with these pieces: 1 king (or general), 2 guards (or advisors), 2 elephants (or bishops), 2 knights (or horses), 2 rooks (or chariots), 2 cannons and 5 pawns (or soldiers). The starting position is shown on the following picture:
The small squares containing diagonal lines are called red and black palace, and the thick horizontal line in the middle of the board is named 'river'.
The object of the game is to checkmate or stalemate the opponent's king.
Movement of pieces
All pieces in Xiangqi (except the cannon) use the same rules for both moving and capturing enemy pieces. Cannons have a special rule which will be clarified below.
King (General)
A king moves one space vertically or horizontally, it cannot move diagonally. It may never leave its palace. As in standard Chess, a king is not allowed to make a move to a position which is being attacked by an enemy piece. If a king is being attacked (is in check), the corresponding player must cancel the check immediately. If it is not possible, the player loses the game.

Guard (Advisor)
A guard moves one space diagonally and just like a king, it may never leave its palace. In other words, each guard has only 5 possible positions within the palace area.

Bishop (Elephant)
Elephants can move exactly two spaces diagonally and they cannot cross occupied points. Moreover, elephants are not allowed to cross the river, they must stay on their half of the board. It means that each elephant has only 7 possible positions.

Knight (Horse)
A knight moves one space vertically or horizontally, followed by one space outward-diagonally. There is a significant difference between western Chess and Xiangqi because a knight cannot jump over occupied places. The picture shows (in green points) all possible moves of the red knight, since the black pawn blocks the left side ones.

Rook (Chariot)
A rook moves as a rook in standard Chess - any number of spaces vertically or horizontally.

Cannon
A cannon moves in the same way as a rook. However, if a cannon wants to capture an opponent's piece, it must be done by hoping over exactly one another piece (own or opponent's). The picture shows a position where all possible red cannon moves (or captures) marked by green dots (note a green dot inside the black rook at the board top).
The black knight on the left side cannot be captured because no third piece stands between it and the cannon. The top black rook can be captured since the cannon hops over the red pawn. On the other hand, the second black rook (on the right) cannot be captured since the cannon would hop over more than one piece (black pawn and red knight).

Pawn (Soldier)
Pawns move only one space forward and their capture moves are just the same (they never go diagonally). When a pawn crosses the river, its moving abilities extend by sideways options - it can move one space forward or horizontally.
Pawns don't promote in Xiangqi. When a pawn reaches the last row, it can continue moving only sideways.

Other important rules

• A game is won by checkmating or stalemating the opponent's king. This is an important difference between this game and western Chess where a stalemate results in a draw.
• Perpetual check is forbidden. A player cannot check opponent's king more than 3 times in a row with the same piece and the same position.
• Perpetual chasing of an unprotected enemy piece is forbidden too. It means that a player cannot attack the same enemy piece (which is not protected by another enemy piece) moving to and from the same two points indefinitely. The player who causes such situation is obliged to break it off.
• Kings cannot face each other on the same open column, there must be at least one other piece between them on the same column. The picture below displays a position where the red guard cannot move because the kings would be revealed to one another:
  
  
• When neither side can force a checkmate or a stalemate, the game is a draw.

Play this game
See also:Chess, Chinese Chess, Japanese Chess, Corner Chess, Fortress Chess, Horde Chess, Loop Chess, Anti Chess, Extinction Chess, Maharajah Chess, Three Checks Chess, Dark Chess, Atomic Chess, Janus Chess, Embassy Chess, Screen Chess, Crazy Screen Chess, Cylinder Chess, Amazon Chess, Berolina Chess, Fischer Random Chess, Legan Chess, Knight Relay Chess, Grand Chess, Capablanca Random Chess, Los Alamos Chess, Ambiguous Chess, Minishogi, Dice Chess, Recycle Chess, Ice Age Chess, Behemoth Chess, Cheshire Cat Chess, Knightmate Chess, Racing Kings, Dice Chess 10x10, Massacre Chess